Our Chemistry Learning

⭐ Properties of Ionic compounds ⭐ 1. They conduct electricity/heat - Due to mobile charged particles 2. They have very high melting & boiling points due to the presence of strong electrostatic force between the ions 3. Solubility - ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents. However, they are insoluble in non-polar solvents 4. They are Brittle - they break down into small pieces.  Why are Ionic compounds brittle? When you apply a force on an ionic crystalline structure, then a few layers will slide over each other, causing the structure to break, as shown in the image above.  Ionic compounds "transfer" Valence electrons, while covalent compounds "Share" Valence electrons.  Ionic bonding is the principal interaction in ionic compounds and includes the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions or between two atoms with drastically differing electronegativities. Some examples of ionic bonds NaCl is found in salt NaHCO3 is found in baking soda NaOH...

Heat VS Temperature Heat = Thermal energy Thermal Energy = The total energy of all the particles in a material Temperature = A measure of the average energy of the particles in a material. Quiz with Thermal energy Both cups have coffee that is at a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius. Which has more heat energy? If you answered the bigger cup, you are correct because it contains a higher amount of thermal energy than the smaller cup.  Ways of measuring temperature There are 3 popular scales for measuring temperature - Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin Out of these 3, Celsius is the most common measuring scale Freezing point of water is at 0 Degrees Celsius Boiling point of water is at 100 Degrees Celsius (at sea level) Kelvin Scientists use Kelvin to measure the behavior of Gases To convert Celsius to Kelvin -  Add 273 to Celsius.  For example Freezing point of water is 273 Kelvin Boiling point of water is 373 Kelvin "Absolute Zero" is the coldest possible temperature, and is...

Kinetic Theory of Matter is basically the theory of Moving Particles. Particles are always moving, they will collide with each other with sufficient energy - that's when chemical bond which is broken {reactant side}. This energy is called [Activation Energy - symbol "Ea"] REMEMBER: Energy of the reaction < Ea -----> The reaction will not proceed. Energy of the reaction > Ea -------> Reaction will proceed. Particle Theory of Matter: All matter is made of extremely tiny particles. All pure substances are made of their own kind of particles. All particles are moving. Particles at highest temperature move faster than those of lower temperature. Particles are attracted to each other.

  Energy Changes in a Chemical Reaction Exothermic                                                                                                Endothermic                            Energy will be given out/Release                                                              Energy if taken in/input of energy Rise in temperature ----> heat is                                                  ...

Heating curve                                                                             This is a heating curve. In the heating curve, we can see an increase in the amount of kinetic energy stored within the particle as time passes, and also a change in the state of matter, from solid to liquid to gaseous. The diagonal line represents an increase in temperature, and the horizontal line represents a change in the state of matter. The temperature doesn't increase during the time when the state of matter is changing because the heat is used to create more intermolecular space and is released, therefore keeping the temperature of the object the same. Cooling curve This is a cooling curve. In the cooling curve, we can see a decrease in the amount of kinetic energy stored within the particle as time...

Learning Objective: Mendeleev and Monsey's Periodic Table Development of the Periodic Table Need for Periodic Classification of Elements: Easier to classify and study the known elements. Organize the known information about elements. Patterns and trends in the behavior could be correlated. Lavoisier(Father of Modern Chemistry) divided elements into two main types known as metals and non metals. Dobereiner's Triad : In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner's, classified elements into groups based on their properties. Basis of arrangement atomic mass. Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an element. Law of Triads: Dobereiner's Law of Triads sates that when three element in a triad are listed in the increasing order of their atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element will roughly be the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. Limitations of  Triad: All known elements could not be classified into groups of triads on the basis ...

  Learning Objective: Collecting Information/understand the Periodic Table Activity: Group number to Valency Activity: To understand the relation between valency and group number of elements in the Periodic Table Write the electronic distribution of element (1 to 20) following the octet rule. Circle the valence electrons for the elements - Each with a different color Now group the elements with same valence electrons in a group and arrange them in ascending order. Check the periodic table if it follows the same pattern Octet Rule:     1.  Maximum possible electrons in the first shell is 2. (2n^2 where n is the shell number)     2.  The outermost or the last shell cannot have more than 8 electrons My Answer: Hydrogen (H) - 1;  1 Helium (He) - 2;  2 Lithium (Li) - 3;  2,1 Beryllium (Be) - 4;  2,2 Boron (B) - 5;  2,3 Carbon (C) - 6;  2,4 Nitrogen (N) - 7;  2,5 Oxygen (O) - 8;  2,6 Fluorine (F) - 9;  2,7 Neon (N...

  Learning Objective of 15/7/2021 Unpacking of the unit: (KC, RC, GC,SOI) Introduction to Periodic Table (Fundamental Properties of Elements) Development of Periodic Table Unit Details: Unit Name: Know your elements - Periodicity Key Concept: Relationships Related Concept: Change; Form; Pattern Global Context: Identities and Relationships Statement of Inquiry: The form of the periodic table is evolving due to knowledge-challenging discoveries, thus enhancing its function of showing trends in the physical and chemical properties of the elements. Activity: Identify 5 elements around you  Write down the name of the element with its correct symbol (like Na) Mention if it is a metal, non metal, metalloids. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Uses (where you found it to be used) My Answer: - Mirage Chemistry

  Hello everyone! Starting from today, we will post daily updates of our learning in chemistry. We hope that you learn along with us. Hope you enjoy! - Mirage Chemistry

Today, we discussed the answers to the Data - Based Questions.  *Note: The labelling of the graph is incorrect. 'Yield of Ammonia' is switched with 'Pressure'. In simple words, 'Yield of Ammonia' will be on the y-axis, and 'Pressure' on the x-axis. Here are the answers to the questions: 1) The temperature 200 degree Celsius achieves the highest yield of ammonia. 2) As the pressure increases, the yield of ammonia increases as well. 3) The reasons are that: expensive to maintain more cost effective to produce lesser yield at faster rate 4) As the pressure increases, the amount of ammonia will increase However, it is expensive to build and operate a plant that can withstand such high pressures. So, a compressed pressure is used of 200atm. 5) If pressure is increased, then system will shift to the side with fewer moles of gas. So if pressure is increased, then system will shift to the right side, that is the product side. And since, it is shifting right, for...

The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today. The German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed it in the first decade of the 20th century.  Hydrogen + Nitrogen <---> Ammonia Hydrogen is obtained from Methane and steam, producing Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide as a biproduct CH₄ + H20 (g) = H2 + CO + CO2 The hydrogen and Nitrogen from the atmosphere are then compressed and then delivered to the reactor, where Ammonia is produced. The gases are cooled down, and the ammonia is available as a liquid. Unused Nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled back into the reactor The forward reaction is favored, and is exothermic The Haber process also follows Le Chatelier's principle, keeping operating and production costs in mind while maximizing ammonia production. Similarly, the compromise pressure is kept at 200 ATM, and the temperature is kept at 400-450...

Balancing chemical equations is one of the important topic in chemistry. An equation is balanced when the same number of each element is represented on the reactant and product sides. Equations must be balanced to accurately reflect the law of conservation of matter. With that said, lets see how to balance chemical equations. Lets take this equation: N2 + H2 ------------> NH3 First make a column and write the elements with the number. Like this: Reactants:                                       Products:  N - 2                                                N - 1 H - 2                                                 H - 3 From  this we ...

  The nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is one of the many biogeochemical cycles that takes place on Earth. In this process, atmospheric nitrogen is cycled through soil, animals and plants with the help of bacteria. Let us take a look at this process. Nitrogen is present in the atmosphere as N2. There are some plants which need nitrogen to grow, the primary example being leguminous plants. But the nitrogen doesn't directly enter these plants. Leguminous plant roots have these small holes called root nodules, which house the Rhizobium bacteria. This bacteria converts the atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). Now, this ammonia is passed on to the Nitrifying bacteria, which are present in the soil. They convert the ammonia into nitrites (NO-2) and the nitrates (NO-3). This process is called nitrogen fixation, where atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrates. This process can also occur by lightning strikes. The roots of the plant absorb these nitrates. Now, there is another part...

The monolake is a saline soda lake in the united states of America, California to be more specific. it is a very interesting lake because of its salinity, and the amount and type, or organisms living inside of it. lets learn a bit more about it. starting off with one of the questions you must have had from the beginning what special salts made this lake so salty. This lake has a very unique chemical composition, which in turn makes it alkaline, the salts in this lake are combinations of chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates. It also consists of large amounts of borate and potassium. this also intern increases the pH of this lake, the pH of monolake is a whooping 10, almost thrice of a normal river or lake. so how can organisms live their life's in this lake? There are many types of flora and fauna that appear in the mono lake at different times of the year, many of which are birds, the osprey, many types of songbirds, and phalaropes come at many different times of the year, but that’...

  -Mirage Chemistry